FINGERPRINT RECOGNATION

INTRODUCTION
Physical identification considers physical appearance, voices, and other sensory data.
Biometrics is the way for unique recognizing human based upon one or more intrinsic physical or behavior traits. The biometric includes face, iris, retina scanning, voice identification and others. The fingerprint is one of the most convenient and foolproof.
SHORT HISTORY
In 1880 Dr. Henry Faulds was the first to publish a scientific account of the use of fingerprint as a means of identification.In the late 1960s Galton points has been utilized to develop automated fingerprint technology.In the 1969 FBI developed a system to automate its fingerprint identification process. The available fingerprint continued to improve until present.

MEANING OF FINGERPRINT RECOGNITION
A fingerprint is the impression left upon any surface with which the finger comes in contact under pressure. Fingerprint recognition refers to the automated method of verifying two or more human fingerprints.

IMPORTANCE OF FINGERPRINT
The uniqueness of the fingerprint that is no Two Individual will have identical fingerprints. The fingerprint pattern of any one individual remains unchanged for life. also it is, limited

CLASSIFICATION OF FINGERPRINT
The classification of human fingerprint based on three basic patterns which are
Loops.
This is type, accounting for about 65% of all fingerprints, it starts on one side and goes around to end on the same side and it have one delta.
Whorls
This account for 30% of fingerprints, the whorl starts in the middle and keeps getting bigger, rounded or circular ridge pattern, it looks like a bunch of circles in each other and it have two deltas.
Arches
Account for 5%, the arch is a shape that starts on one side, and ends on the other side, like a hill. And it has no delta

FINGERPRINT VISIBILITY
Fingerprint can be seen with naked eyes called Visible prints e.g.. In dried blood, plastic paint, etc.Fingerprint that leave an impression on object (In moldable substance) e.g.. gum, soap, Fingerprint that are not visible must be visualized by chemical methods eg on glass

Acquisition of fingerprint Images is performed by two techniques.

v Off-line sensing

v Live-scan sensing
OFF LINE SENSING this is the acquisition of fingerprint images performed by using the so- called "ink-technique“, The subject finger is spread with black ink and pressed against a paper card. The card is then scanned by using a common paper-scanner and produce the final digital image.

ADVANTAGE AND DISADVANTAGE OF OFF LINE SENSING
— Advantages of this technique
It is possible to produce rolled impressions which carries more information.

— Disadvantage of this technique.
If not executed with care this technique produces the image with missing information due to excessive inkiness or due to deficiency.

LIVE SCAN SENSING Is the collection of digital image by direct sensing the finger surface with an electronic fingerprint scanner.No ink is required in this method, finger is pressed against the flat surface of a scanner.A fingerprint sensor is an electronic device used to capture a digital image of the fingerprint pattern.

Advantages of live scan sensor
— It is very simple.
— Requires little user training.

Disadvantages of live scan sensor

— Sensor may became dirty it needs cleanliness every time.
— Some people are reluctant to put their finger in the same after someone else for hygiene reasons.
— The remaining latent fingerprint on the sensor can be treated as a new input image.
— Rotation of a finger may be a problem for recognition

ADVANTAGES OF FINGERPRINT
Less chance of fraud, because everyone has unique fingerprints. It can be applied to Modern computers, cars, automatic doors. Fingerprint can’t be lost. Fingerprints do not change naturally. Its reliability and stability is higher compared to the iris, voice, and face recognition method. Fingerprint recognition equipment is relatively low-priced compared to other biometric system.

DISADVANTAGES OF FINGERPRINT
Some people have damaged or eliminated fingerprints. These is a problem during the fingerprint recoganization, some criminals burn their fingers with acids. Also it is time consuming.





CHALLENGES
Due to technical problem some sensors do not read fingerprint images properly. The process of storing fingerprints weakens security. Fingerprints stored in the database can be easily determined by hackers. Some people have damaged or eliminated fingerprints
Sometimes criminals do cut their fingers. We must be able to improve technique so as to improve the security of the information stored in the database .
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CONCLUSION
Fingerprint recognition is important regardless of the disadvantages because it uniquely give the difference accurately. Fingerprinting is even more discriminating than DNA analysis, which, with today’s technology, cannot distinguish between identical twins. With fingerprint no two individual can have identical fingerprints.