INTRODUCTION
Any inputs which are put into computer must be changed into machine language so as computer to understand and compile the data and give out the output.
COMPILER Is a program that converts from source code (programming language) to machine language.Machine language is representation of a computer program which is actually read and interpreted by the computer. A program that translates from a low level language to a higher level one is a decompiler.
Short history
Software for early computers was primary written in assembly language. Higher level programming language were not inverted until the benefit of being able to reuse software on different kind of CPUs started to become significantly greater than the cost of writing a compiler.The very limited memory capacity of early computers also created many technical problems when implementing a compiler. At the end of the 1950's, machine-independent programming languages were first proposed. Several experiment on compilers were developed.The first compiler was written by Grace Hopper, in 1952 for the A – O programming language.
There are some terms which are use in different areas like;
Hardware Capable of carrying out a wide variety of decisions and tasks.To do so needs to be given a set of instructions in a form which it can understand
Software Is a collection of set of programs to accomplish a certain goal
Programming Language Is artificial language used to write a sequence of instructions that can be run in the computer.
Translator a language translator is a type of system software that translates a program written in a second, third or higher generation language into machine language
Interpreters Translates source code instructions into machine language and executes it one statement at a time
Syntax grammar rules
Semantics meaning of command
Computer programming languages are divided into three types
Machine languages directly understand by the computer, Assembly languages and Higher-level languages
Generations of computer Language
The different stages of computer programming languages over time (should not be confuse with hardware generation),The lowest level of computer programming language use computer natural language (0,1) Simply to slow, tedious and error-prone and what was wrong with machine code.
Assembly language it was in the second generation. Is the low level programming language Uses abbreviation or easily remembered words instead of numbers and it uses translator or converter.
High level language it was the third generation. These resembles human language such as English,most third generation language can be used in more than one kind of machine,.the language is interactive that is User and computer communicate with each other directly during the writing and running program ,Examples of High Programming Language are BASIC,PASCAL,C/C++,COBOL,FOTRAN PYTHON and JAVA
The forth generation was the Very high level Language that allow users to develop programs with fewer commands compared with the 3GL.Allow users to specify the desired results without having to specify detailed procedures needed for achieving the results.Consists of report generators, query languages, application generators and interactive DBMS.4GLs may not entirely replace 3GL because they are usually focused on specific tasks and hence offer fewer options. Improve productivity because programs are easy to write.
The next evolutionary step being developed. Design to give people a more human (natural) connection with computers.The language are human language like English, French etc.
Selection of programming language the selection of language highly depends upon the nature of activity and availability of the simplest language to solve the desired task or problems. Obviously, there is no best language for all situations. The best language might depend on many things: Type of program, Reason the program is built, Size of program, Programmer familiarity, Ease of program verification, Proof of correctness, desk checking, test and Simplicity of semantic and syntax.
Importance of computer programming language
Important for students in all disciplines of computer science, improve your ability to develop effective algorithms, increase your vocabulary of useful programming constructs
To make it easier to learn a new language, make it easier to design a new language and Soft ware development, Interface writing.
Generally, the programming languages are challenging on learning due to new languages are being invented the skilled programmer are needed and it is difficult in debugging,
Thursday, 25 June 2009
IRIS RECOGNITION
Introduction
IRIS recognition fall under biometrics authentification.Biometric is a technology for automatic human identification and verification using unique biological traits.
Iris is the muscles within the eye that regulate the size of the pupil and controlling the amount of light that enters the eye .Iris recognition is the process of analyzing the randomly pattern of the iris.
Short history
The iris develop during prenatal (Before birth)
growth through the process of tight forming and folding of the tissue membrane. Degradation occurs, resulting the pupil opening and randomly, unique pattern of iris. Although genetically are identical, an individual irises are unique and structurally distinct which allow for its to be used for recognition.
In the earlier time there were ophthalmology. Ophthalmology Is the branch of medicine which deals with study and treatment of disorders and diseases of the eyes. In 1936 ophthalmologist Frank Barch proposed the idea of using iris as the method of identifying and recognize individual. In 1985, Dr .Leonard Flom and Aran Safira proposed the concept that no two iris are a like.198 7 Flom awarded a patent for iris identification concept.Then Flom approaches help Dr. John Daugman to develop the algorithm for Automatic identification of human iris.1993; DNA(Defence Nuclear Agency) begun to work to test and deliver prototype unit which completed in 1995, due to the combine effort of Dr., Flom and Dougman.There fore in 1995 the first product commercial become available.
How to recognize Iris
Before recognition takes place the iris is located into the landmark features. The landmark features and the distinct shape of iris allow for imaging, features isolation and extraction. Remember localization of iris is an important step in iris recognition because if it is being done improperly can result to noises. Also require use of high quality digital camera, but today’s commercial iris cameras typical use infrared to illuminate the iris without causing harm.
DRAW THE PHASES (VECTORS)
imaging an iris ,2D Gabor wavelet fibers and map the segment of iris into vector. This vector includes the information on the orientation and spatial frequency and the position of this area.
FILTER THE BYTES
Iris pattern are described by an iris code, using the phase information collected in phase.
A phase characteristics of iris can be described using 256 bytes using polar coordinate system. Also included in the description of the iris are control bytes that are used to exclude eyelashes, reflection and other unwanted data.
TEST THE STATISTICAL INDEPENDENCE
T o perform recognition, two iris codes are compared. The amount of different between two iris codes Harming Distance is used as test of statistical independence between two iris codes. If HD indicates that less than one third of the bytes in the iris code are different, the iris code fail the test of statistical significance, indicating that iris code are from the same iris.
Advantages of Iris recognition
v Ease usage.
v Certain conclusion ands minimum error rate.
v Since the iris are unique ,this ensures maximum security.
v Identification of a persons who have limited use of hands or arms.
v Is its stability, or template longevity .
Disadvantages of Iris recognition
Scanner height adjustment, Small target, huge system size, High cost. Problem of user, Distance scanning, Border control, Environmental challenges, High quality image.
Conclusion
To insure maximum security of our country borders as well as personal security we should not lie behind this technology since it is the most reliable biometric technology. This recognition is especially attractive due to stability of the iris texture pattern.
IRIS recognition fall under biometrics authentification.Biometric is a technology for automatic human identification and verification using unique biological traits.
Iris is the muscles within the eye that regulate the size of the pupil and controlling the amount of light that enters the eye .Iris recognition is the process of analyzing the randomly pattern of the iris.
Short history
The iris develop during prenatal (Before birth)
growth through the process of tight forming and folding of the tissue membrane. Degradation occurs, resulting the pupil opening and randomly, unique pattern of iris. Although genetically are identical, an individual irises are unique and structurally distinct which allow for its to be used for recognition.
In the earlier time there were ophthalmology. Ophthalmology Is the branch of medicine which deals with study and treatment of disorders and diseases of the eyes. In 1936 ophthalmologist Frank Barch proposed the idea of using iris as the method of identifying and recognize individual. In 1985, Dr .Leonard Flom and Aran Safira proposed the concept that no two iris are a like.198 7 Flom awarded a patent for iris identification concept.Then Flom approaches help Dr. John Daugman to develop the algorithm for Automatic identification of human iris.1993; DNA(Defence Nuclear Agency) begun to work to test and deliver prototype unit which completed in 1995, due to the combine effort of Dr., Flom and Dougman.There fore in 1995 the first product commercial become available.
How to recognize Iris
Before recognition takes place the iris is located into the landmark features. The landmark features and the distinct shape of iris allow for imaging, features isolation and extraction. Remember localization of iris is an important step in iris recognition because if it is being done improperly can result to noises. Also require use of high quality digital camera, but today’s commercial iris cameras typical use infrared to illuminate the iris without causing harm.
DRAW THE PHASES (VECTORS)
imaging an iris ,2D Gabor wavelet fibers and map the segment of iris into vector. This vector includes the information on the orientation and spatial frequency and the position of this area.
FILTER THE BYTES
Iris pattern are described by an iris code, using the phase information collected in phase.
A phase characteristics of iris can be described using 256 bytes using polar coordinate system. Also included in the description of the iris are control bytes that are used to exclude eyelashes, reflection and other unwanted data.
TEST THE STATISTICAL INDEPENDENCE
T o perform recognition, two iris codes are compared. The amount of different between two iris codes Harming Distance is used as test of statistical independence between two iris codes. If HD indicates that less than one third of the bytes in the iris code are different, the iris code fail the test of statistical significance, indicating that iris code are from the same iris.
Advantages of Iris recognition
v Ease usage.
v Certain conclusion ands minimum error rate.
v Since the iris are unique ,this ensures maximum security.
v Identification of a persons who have limited use of hands or arms.
v Is its stability, or template longevity .
Disadvantages of Iris recognition
Scanner height adjustment, Small target, huge system size, High cost. Problem of user, Distance scanning, Border control, Environmental challenges, High quality image.
Conclusion
To insure maximum security of our country borders as well as personal security we should not lie behind this technology since it is the most reliable biometric technology. This recognition is especially attractive due to stability of the iris texture pattern.
Wednesday, 17 June 2009
REAL TIME GRAPHIC AND RENDERING
Introduction
Short history
The history of Computer Graphics goes to the very early ages of the 1960s. In 1961 the first video game was created it was called Spacewar (Created by Steve Russell at MIT) in 1963 a program which ever utilized a complete Graphical User Interface was created. This program was called Sketchpad (Created by Ivan Sutherland). 1971 saw one of the most important advancements in CG – the microprocessor (CPU) January 1984, Apple released the first personal computer to use a graphical interface. Starting from the early 1990s to present many film industries has been incorporating CG in their business and thus increasing the demand for rapid development of CG and rendering.
Meaning of some basic term
Raster/Bitmap Image: an image that is displayed through the arrangement of pixels on the screen.
Vector Images: an image that is created by using mathematical algorithms and geometric functions to represent its size and shapes
Model: is a 2D image or 3D object created to resemble the actual thing. Modeling: the process of creating models
Texturing: refers to the process of building a surface’s detail and indicating how that surface will react to light.
Animation: Is the rapid display of a sequence of images of 2-D or 3-D artwork or model positions in order to create an illusion of movement. Computer graphic: is a computer based mathematical representation of a geometric object such as a building, a vehicle, a tree or any object including humans.
A model also can be a representation of a process such as a weather pattern, traffic flow, air flowing over a wing or any other.
Rendering is the final process of creating the actual 2D image from the designed 3D objects or other 2D images (vector Images) also can be referred to as a process of converting vector images to raster images, a process known as rasterization.
Methods of Rendering
Image-based Rendering (IBR) is the method of rendering which is applied in the field nowadays, IBR refers to the convert ion of a 3D objects or vector images into a series of raster images. This method I good for complex 3D scenes.
GRAPHIC APPLICATION PROGRAMMING INTERFACE
Is a software interface for Graphic Hardware, Provide the low-level functions to access graphics hardware directly. Example: OpenGL and DirectX/Direct3D
OGL is a graphical API that is used to access graphics hardware directly, Hardware Independent it is suitable for all kinds of Platforms and all graphics hardware. Window System independent, that is it can be used in Win32, X-Win, Mac
WHAT OGL DO
Draw basic primitives (point, line, and polygon).
Matrix operation
Hidden Surface Removal (Z-Buffer)
Lighting and Shading
Texturing/Texture mapping
Pixel Operations
GPU computation
ADVANTAGES OF COMPUTER GRAPHIC AND RENDERING
v In the field of Engineering It minimizes the cost of actual production/ construction.
v In filming industries It gives more flexibility and allows complex effects and movies to be produced
v In gaming it allows real objects to be designed and programmed so that gaming becomes more interesting
v In medicine CG simulation of body organs helps the process of studying the body easier.
DISADVANTAGE OF COMPUTER GRAPHICS AND RENDERING
Ø It takes time to design a model by using a computer therefore depending on the size of the scene CG and rendering can waste time
Ø Most of the CG applications have got complicated interfaces thus making it easy for normal individual to seize the concept.
Ø It requires powerful machines for fast rendering,
Ø It Is taking the part of human actors in some of the movies/films thus these people don’t get money.
CONCLUSION
CG and rendering is very important in many fields of life; medicine, engineering, films/games, and all technological fields. Therefore it’s our role as IT experts to know the application and come into application of the field.
Short history
The history of Computer Graphics goes to the very early ages of the 1960s. In 1961 the first video game was created it was called Spacewar (Created by Steve Russell at MIT) in 1963 a program which ever utilized a complete Graphical User Interface was created. This program was called Sketchpad (Created by Ivan Sutherland). 1971 saw one of the most important advancements in CG – the microprocessor (CPU) January 1984, Apple released the first personal computer to use a graphical interface. Starting from the early 1990s to present many film industries has been incorporating CG in their business and thus increasing the demand for rapid development of CG and rendering.
Meaning of some basic term
Raster/Bitmap Image: an image that is displayed through the arrangement of pixels on the screen.
Vector Images: an image that is created by using mathematical algorithms and geometric functions to represent its size and shapes
Model: is a 2D image or 3D object created to resemble the actual thing. Modeling: the process of creating models
Texturing: refers to the process of building a surface’s detail and indicating how that surface will react to light.
Animation: Is the rapid display of a sequence of images of 2-D or 3-D artwork or model positions in order to create an illusion of movement. Computer graphic: is a computer based mathematical representation of a geometric object such as a building, a vehicle, a tree or any object including humans.
A model also can be a representation of a process such as a weather pattern, traffic flow, air flowing over a wing or any other.
Rendering is the final process of creating the actual 2D image from the designed 3D objects or other 2D images (vector Images) also can be referred to as a process of converting vector images to raster images, a process known as rasterization.
Methods of Rendering
Image-based Rendering (IBR) is the method of rendering which is applied in the field nowadays, IBR refers to the convert ion of a 3D objects or vector images into a series of raster images. This method I good for complex 3D scenes.
GRAPHIC APPLICATION PROGRAMMING INTERFACE
Is a software interface for Graphic Hardware, Provide the low-level functions to access graphics hardware directly. Example: OpenGL and DirectX/Direct3D
OGL is a graphical API that is used to access graphics hardware directly, Hardware Independent it is suitable for all kinds of Platforms and all graphics hardware. Window System independent, that is it can be used in Win32, X-Win, Mac
WHAT OGL DO
Draw basic primitives (point, line, and polygon).
Matrix operation
Hidden Surface Removal (Z-Buffer)
Lighting and Shading
Texturing/Texture mapping
Pixel Operations
GPU computation
ADVANTAGES OF COMPUTER GRAPHIC AND RENDERING
v In the field of Engineering It minimizes the cost of actual production/ construction.
v In filming industries It gives more flexibility and allows complex effects and movies to be produced
v In gaming it allows real objects to be designed and programmed so that gaming becomes more interesting
v In medicine CG simulation of body organs helps the process of studying the body easier.
DISADVANTAGE OF COMPUTER GRAPHICS AND RENDERING
Ø It takes time to design a model by using a computer therefore depending on the size of the scene CG and rendering can waste time
Ø Most of the CG applications have got complicated interfaces thus making it easy for normal individual to seize the concept.
Ø It requires powerful machines for fast rendering,
Ø It Is taking the part of human actors in some of the movies/films thus these people don’t get money.
CONCLUSION
CG and rendering is very important in many fields of life; medicine, engineering, films/games, and all technological fields. Therefore it’s our role as IT experts to know the application and come into application of the field.
FINGERPRINT RECOGNATION
INTRODUCTION
Physical identification considers physical appearance, voices, and other sensory data.
Biometrics is the way for unique recognizing human based upon one or more intrinsic physical or behavior traits. The biometric includes face, iris, retina scanning, voice identification and others. The fingerprint is one of the most convenient and foolproof.
SHORT HISTORY
In 1880 Dr. Henry Faulds was the first to publish a scientific account of the use of fingerprint as a means of identification.In the late 1960s Galton points has been utilized to develop automated fingerprint technology.In the 1969 FBI developed a system to automate its fingerprint identification process. The available fingerprint continued to improve until present.
MEANING OF FINGERPRINT RECOGNITION
A fingerprint is the impression left upon any surface with which the finger comes in contact under pressure. Fingerprint recognition refers to the automated method of verifying two or more human fingerprints.
IMPORTANCE OF FINGERPRINT
The uniqueness of the fingerprint that is no Two Individual will have identical fingerprints. The fingerprint pattern of any one individual remains unchanged for life. also it is, limited
CLASSIFICATION OF FINGERPRINT
The classification of human fingerprint based on three basic patterns which are
Loops.
This is type, accounting for about 65% of all fingerprints, it starts on one side and goes around to end on the same side and it have one delta.
Whorls
This account for 30% of fingerprints, the whorl starts in the middle and keeps getting bigger, rounded or circular ridge pattern, it looks like a bunch of circles in each other and it have two deltas.
Arches
Account for 5%, the arch is a shape that starts on one side, and ends on the other side, like a hill. And it has no delta
FINGERPRINT VISIBILITY
Fingerprint can be seen with naked eyes called Visible prints e.g.. In dried blood, plastic paint, etc.Fingerprint that leave an impression on object (In moldable substance) e.g.. gum, soap, Fingerprint that are not visible must be visualized by chemical methods eg on glass
Acquisition of fingerprint Images is performed by two techniques.
v Off-line sensing
v Live-scan sensing
OFF LINE SENSING this is the acquisition of fingerprint images performed by using the so- called "ink-technique“, The subject finger is spread with black ink and pressed against a paper card. The card is then scanned by using a common paper-scanner and produce the final digital image.
ADVANTAGE AND DISADVANTAGE OF OFF LINE SENSING
— Advantages of this technique
It is possible to produce rolled impressions which carries more information.
— Disadvantage of this technique.
If not executed with care this technique produces the image with missing information due to excessive inkiness or due to deficiency.
LIVE SCAN SENSING Is the collection of digital image by direct sensing the finger surface with an electronic fingerprint scanner.No ink is required in this method, finger is pressed against the flat surface of a scanner.A fingerprint sensor is an electronic device used to capture a digital image of the fingerprint pattern.
Advantages of live scan sensor
— It is very simple.
— Requires little user training.
Disadvantages of live scan sensor
— Sensor may became dirty it needs cleanliness every time.
— Some people are reluctant to put their finger in the same after someone else for hygiene reasons.
— The remaining latent fingerprint on the sensor can be treated as a new input image.
— Rotation of a finger may be a problem for recognition
ADVANTAGES OF FINGERPRINT
Less chance of fraud, because everyone has unique fingerprints. It can be applied to Modern computers, cars, automatic doors. Fingerprint can’t be lost. Fingerprints do not change naturally. Its reliability and stability is higher compared to the iris, voice, and face recognition method. Fingerprint recognition equipment is relatively low-priced compared to other biometric system.
DISADVANTAGES OF FINGERPRINT
Some people have damaged or eliminated fingerprints. These is a problem during the fingerprint recoganization, some criminals burn their fingers with acids. Also it is time consuming.
CHALLENGES
Due to technical problem some sensors do not read fingerprint images properly. The process of storing fingerprints weakens security. Fingerprints stored in the database can be easily determined by hackers. Some people have damaged or eliminated fingerprints
Sometimes criminals do cut their fingers. We must be able to improve technique so as to improve the security of the information stored in the database .
.
CONCLUSION
Fingerprint recognition is important regardless of the disadvantages because it uniquely give the difference accurately. Fingerprinting is even more discriminating than DNA analysis, which, with today’s technology, cannot distinguish between identical twins. With fingerprint no two individual can have identical fingerprints.
Physical identification considers physical appearance, voices, and other sensory data.
Biometrics is the way for unique recognizing human based upon one or more intrinsic physical or behavior traits. The biometric includes face, iris, retina scanning, voice identification and others. The fingerprint is one of the most convenient and foolproof.
SHORT HISTORY
In 1880 Dr. Henry Faulds was the first to publish a scientific account of the use of fingerprint as a means of identification.In the late 1960s Galton points has been utilized to develop automated fingerprint technology.In the 1969 FBI developed a system to automate its fingerprint identification process. The available fingerprint continued to improve until present.
MEANING OF FINGERPRINT RECOGNITION
A fingerprint is the impression left upon any surface with which the finger comes in contact under pressure. Fingerprint recognition refers to the automated method of verifying two or more human fingerprints.
IMPORTANCE OF FINGERPRINT
The uniqueness of the fingerprint that is no Two Individual will have identical fingerprints. The fingerprint pattern of any one individual remains unchanged for life. also it is, limited
CLASSIFICATION OF FINGERPRINT
The classification of human fingerprint based on three basic patterns which are
Loops.
This is type, accounting for about 65% of all fingerprints, it starts on one side and goes around to end on the same side and it have one delta.
Whorls
This account for 30% of fingerprints, the whorl starts in the middle and keeps getting bigger, rounded or circular ridge pattern, it looks like a bunch of circles in each other and it have two deltas.
Arches
Account for 5%, the arch is a shape that starts on one side, and ends on the other side, like a hill. And it has no delta
FINGERPRINT VISIBILITY
Fingerprint can be seen with naked eyes called Visible prints e.g.. In dried blood, plastic paint, etc.Fingerprint that leave an impression on object (In moldable substance) e.g.. gum, soap, Fingerprint that are not visible must be visualized by chemical methods eg on glass
Acquisition of fingerprint Images is performed by two techniques.
v Off-line sensing
v Live-scan sensing
OFF LINE SENSING this is the acquisition of fingerprint images performed by using the so- called "ink-technique“, The subject finger is spread with black ink and pressed against a paper card. The card is then scanned by using a common paper-scanner and produce the final digital image.
ADVANTAGE AND DISADVANTAGE OF OFF LINE SENSING
— Advantages of this technique
It is possible to produce rolled impressions which carries more information.
— Disadvantage of this technique.
If not executed with care this technique produces the image with missing information due to excessive inkiness or due to deficiency.
LIVE SCAN SENSING Is the collection of digital image by direct sensing the finger surface with an electronic fingerprint scanner.No ink is required in this method, finger is pressed against the flat surface of a scanner.A fingerprint sensor is an electronic device used to capture a digital image of the fingerprint pattern.
Advantages of live scan sensor
— It is very simple.
— Requires little user training.
Disadvantages of live scan sensor
— Sensor may became dirty it needs cleanliness every time.
— Some people are reluctant to put their finger in the same after someone else for hygiene reasons.
— The remaining latent fingerprint on the sensor can be treated as a new input image.
— Rotation of a finger may be a problem for recognition
ADVANTAGES OF FINGERPRINT
Less chance of fraud, because everyone has unique fingerprints. It can be applied to Modern computers, cars, automatic doors. Fingerprint can’t be lost. Fingerprints do not change naturally. Its reliability and stability is higher compared to the iris, voice, and face recognition method. Fingerprint recognition equipment is relatively low-priced compared to other biometric system.
DISADVANTAGES OF FINGERPRINT
Some people have damaged or eliminated fingerprints. These is a problem during the fingerprint recoganization, some criminals burn their fingers with acids. Also it is time consuming.
CHALLENGES
Due to technical problem some sensors do not read fingerprint images properly. The process of storing fingerprints weakens security. Fingerprints stored in the database can be easily determined by hackers. Some people have damaged or eliminated fingerprints
Sometimes criminals do cut their fingers. We must be able to improve technique so as to improve the security of the information stored in the database .
.
CONCLUSION
Fingerprint recognition is important regardless of the disadvantages because it uniquely give the difference accurately. Fingerprinting is even more discriminating than DNA analysis, which, with today’s technology, cannot distinguish between identical twins. With fingerprint no two individual can have identical fingerprints.
SOFTWARE ENGNEERING
Introduction
Software engineering Is the systematic approach to the design, construction, develop and maintenance of computer programs
SHORT HISTORY
In 1950 programming languages started to appear, major languages such as Fortan, Algon and COBOL were released, in 1963-1968 the emerging of software crisis,
1968-1970 the birth of software engineering, it first appeared in 1968 NATO, software Engineering conference, the aim of software engineering was to overcome this crisis. To create software of high quality, cheaper, maintainable and deliver them at time.
TYPES OF SOFTWARE ENGNEERING
Retail software
This type of software is sold off the shelves of retail stores.
OEM software (Original Equipment Manufacturer) refers to software sold in bulk to resellers, designed to be bundled with hardware. Examples Microsoft
Shareware Is the software which is downloaded from the internet but after a several period of time the customer have to purchase
Freeware Is the software which is downloaded from the internet for free but for person use, while commercial use it requires a paid license
TOOLS USED IN SOFTWARE ENGINEERING
Software engineering tools are tools or things that are intended to provide automated support for software process system.
Computer Aided Software engineering tools these are tools used to provide automated support for development of software, i.e., computer code. The CASE functions include analysis, design, and programming. There are two types of CASE tool. Upper CASE tools Example Data flow diagram, Structure charts, algorithms. Lower CASE tools Example debugging, maintenance and testing tools. i.e. programming languages
Methodologies of software engneering
Objects oriented programming (OOP) is the computer program style that uses data structure to design application and computer program.
Rapid application development (RAD) refers to a type of software development life cycle which uses minimal planning in favor of rapid prototyping.
Scrum (all at once approach to software engineering) is the type of methodology where different people with experience work together so as to manage complex work, such as new product development)
Team software process is the operational process framework that is designed to help teams of managers and engineers to organize and produce large-scale software projects
DISADVANTAGES
Fail to manage expectation, Poor requirements from customers, Rising complexity requirement and user, expectation of the customer, Ongoing change of technology
On going failure of the project, Failure to pinpoint causes of problems, No theorems about people and projects
CONCLUTION
Software engineering has a bright future (job opportunities), also Software engineers must behave in an honest and ethically responsible way if we want to be respected as professionals.
Software engineering Is the systematic approach to the design, construction, develop and maintenance of computer programs
SHORT HISTORY
In 1950 programming languages started to appear, major languages such as Fortan, Algon and COBOL were released, in 1963-1968 the emerging of software crisis,
1968-1970 the birth of software engineering, it first appeared in 1968 NATO, software Engineering conference, the aim of software engineering was to overcome this crisis. To create software of high quality, cheaper, maintainable and deliver them at time.
TYPES OF SOFTWARE ENGNEERING
Retail software
This type of software is sold off the shelves of retail stores.
OEM software (Original Equipment Manufacturer) refers to software sold in bulk to resellers, designed to be bundled with hardware. Examples Microsoft
Shareware Is the software which is downloaded from the internet but after a several period of time the customer have to purchase
Freeware Is the software which is downloaded from the internet for free but for person use, while commercial use it requires a paid license
TOOLS USED IN SOFTWARE ENGINEERING
Software engineering tools are tools or things that are intended to provide automated support for software process system.
Computer Aided Software engineering tools these are tools used to provide automated support for development of software, i.e., computer code. The CASE functions include analysis, design, and programming. There are two types of CASE tool. Upper CASE tools Example Data flow diagram, Structure charts, algorithms. Lower CASE tools Example debugging, maintenance and testing tools. i.e. programming languages
Methodologies of software engneering
Objects oriented programming (OOP) is the computer program style that uses data structure to design application and computer program.
Rapid application development (RAD) refers to a type of software development life cycle which uses minimal planning in favor of rapid prototyping.
Scrum (all at once approach to software engineering) is the type of methodology where different people with experience work together so as to manage complex work, such as new product development)
Team software process is the operational process framework that is designed to help teams of managers and engineers to organize and produce large-scale software projects
DISADVANTAGES
Fail to manage expectation, Poor requirements from customers, Rising complexity requirement and user, expectation of the customer, Ongoing change of technology
On going failure of the project, Failure to pinpoint causes of problems, No theorems about people and projects
CONCLUTION
Software engineering has a bright future (job opportunities), also Software engineers must behave in an honest and ethically responsible way if we want to be respected as professionals.
Monday, 15 June 2009
USABILITY ENGINEERING AND HUMAN COMPUTER INTERACTION
Introduction
Generally a field is concerned with human computer interaction and specifically with making human computer interface that have high usability or user friendliness, also usability engineering in contrast interaction design and user experience design implies more of a focus on assessing and making recommendations to improve usability than it does on design.
Short history
Around 1945 people were studying ergonomics (efficiency) of machines.E.g. ergonomic society of UK was found in 1949.In 1960,s most computer software and hardware users were computing professionals.In1970’s the computer users were diverse so came a need of human interactive system.HCI has developed into a discipline or field in its own right over the last ten years or so.
Usability engineering
Is the technique of developing a system which is interactive, usable or meets the needs of users.
Usability is a system that takes account of users’ capability, limitations and needs.
Human computer interaction is the discipline which deals with the study of interaction between users and computers, for an interactive system to be useful it should be goal centred.
Importance of usability engineering and human computer interaction
Ø Increases the productivity-as its work force is more productive
Ø Decrease training and supportive costs.
Ø Increase the customer satisfaction and decreases technophobia.
Ø Reduces disastrous and fatal errors in the system which are safety-critical.
In order to achieve usability engineering and computer interaction approaches of designing product must be improved as Product centred design and User centred design.
Product centred design is the production process why by it doesn’t take an account of the users needs. The result of a good design is having a product working. The products specification are derived from the customer, there is no further contact until delivery.
All the procedures must followed as follows Requirement analysis, Design,code, Test and the maintenance.
User centred design is the design practice which is rooted in the idea that user must take center stage in the design of any computer system, to make human being a focal point that technology should serve rather than the other way round.
The process of design is collaboration between designers and users, user and designer are in contact communication during the entire process, the result of a good design is satisfied by user. Designing procedures is important ant and it is cycle process the designer must plan strategy and process, research and specify requirements, , research and specify context of use, produce design solution evaluation design against requirements if meets the requirement finish the project, but if not the designer continuo following the procedures again until he or she meets his or her aim.
Conclusion
It hard to get requirements from users who have no technique expertise. Due to technological advancements, the societies’ need varies with time. Large amount of fund is need in the development of new product. Difficult to build a system which can suit all types of users and their needs. But Usability Engineering and Human Computer Interaction is all about to impart, designers, developers and implementers with the necessity of usefulness and usability of the products which in turn will bring about good functionality, high efficiency and eventually increased productivity of the products or machines.
Generally a field is concerned with human computer interaction and specifically with making human computer interface that have high usability or user friendliness, also usability engineering in contrast interaction design and user experience design implies more of a focus on assessing and making recommendations to improve usability than it does on design.
Short history
Around 1945 people were studying ergonomics (efficiency) of machines.E.g. ergonomic society of UK was found in 1949.In 1960,s most computer software and hardware users were computing professionals.In1970’s the computer users were diverse so came a need of human interactive system.HCI has developed into a discipline or field in its own right over the last ten years or so.
Usability engineering
Is the technique of developing a system which is interactive, usable or meets the needs of users.
Usability is a system that takes account of users’ capability, limitations and needs.
Human computer interaction is the discipline which deals with the study of interaction between users and computers, for an interactive system to be useful it should be goal centred.
Importance of usability engineering and human computer interaction
Ø Increases the productivity-as its work force is more productive
Ø Decrease training and supportive costs.
Ø Increase the customer satisfaction and decreases technophobia.
Ø Reduces disastrous and fatal errors in the system which are safety-critical.
In order to achieve usability engineering and computer interaction approaches of designing product must be improved as Product centred design and User centred design.
Product centred design is the production process why by it doesn’t take an account of the users needs. The result of a good design is having a product working. The products specification are derived from the customer, there is no further contact until delivery.
All the procedures must followed as follows Requirement analysis, Design,code, Test and the maintenance.
User centred design is the design practice which is rooted in the idea that user must take center stage in the design of any computer system, to make human being a focal point that technology should serve rather than the other way round.
The process of design is collaboration between designers and users, user and designer are in contact communication during the entire process, the result of a good design is satisfied by user. Designing procedures is important ant and it is cycle process the designer must plan strategy and process, research and specify requirements, , research and specify context of use, produce design solution evaluation design against requirements if meets the requirement finish the project, but if not the designer continuo following the procedures again until he or she meets his or her aim.
Conclusion
It hard to get requirements from users who have no technique expertise. Due to technological advancements, the societies’ need varies with time. Large amount of fund is need in the development of new product. Difficult to build a system which can suit all types of users and their needs. But Usability Engineering and Human Computer Interaction is all about to impart, designers, developers and implementers with the necessity of usefulness and usability of the products which in turn will bring about good functionality, high efficiency and eventually increased productivity of the products or machines.
Friday, 1 May 2009
IMAGE COMPRESSION
Introduction
Compression of different things is important because it reduce the file size and allows more images to be stored in a given amount of disk or memory space. Digital image contains large number of bits but image compression is the key technique to overcome this problem.
Image compression is the application of data compression on digital compression that is minimizing the size in bytes of a graphics file without degrading the quality of the image, the reduction in file size allows more images to be store in a given amount of disk or memory space.
Objective is to reduce redundancy and time of the image to be sent over the internet downloaded in order to be able to store or transmit data in efficient form. Also it makes transfer of image through network, it saves space in storage devices and it saves time for image downloaded.
Types of image compression
· Lossy
· Lossless that is reducing the file size without losing image quality.
Image format
There are several different format in which image file can be compressed,The format of image includes:
· TIFF (Tagged Image File Format)
· JPEG (Joint Photographic Experts Group)
· PNG (Portable Network Graphics)
· GIF(Graphical Interchange Format)
· BMP(Bitmap)
Advantages of image compression are Reduce the data storage requirements, reduce the time for images downloaded-mail attachment, Wed pages, Photo sharing websites.
Disadvantage of image compression, Reduce reliability of image records, Reduction of information or bits, Time consuming, Disruption of data properties
Conclusion
In compressing an image, start from the original image since compression from compressed image leads to poor image quality.
Do not save to the new format if you think you need to still proceed in compressing and image. The image compression is very important in IT technology regardless of few discussed disadvantages that is having.
Compression of different things is important because it reduce the file size and allows more images to be stored in a given amount of disk or memory space. Digital image contains large number of bits but image compression is the key technique to overcome this problem.
Image compression is the application of data compression on digital compression that is minimizing the size in bytes of a graphics file without degrading the quality of the image, the reduction in file size allows more images to be store in a given amount of disk or memory space.
Objective is to reduce redundancy and time of the image to be sent over the internet downloaded in order to be able to store or transmit data in efficient form. Also it makes transfer of image through network, it saves space in storage devices and it saves time for image downloaded.
Types of image compression
· Lossy
· Lossless that is reducing the file size without losing image quality.
Image format
There are several different format in which image file can be compressed,The format of image includes:
· TIFF (Tagged Image File Format)
· JPEG (Joint Photographic Experts Group)
· PNG (Portable Network Graphics)
· GIF(Graphical Interchange Format)
· BMP(Bitmap)
Advantages of image compression are Reduce the data storage requirements, reduce the time for images downloaded-mail attachment, Wed pages, Photo sharing websites.
Disadvantage of image compression, Reduce reliability of image records, Reduction of information or bits, Time consuming, Disruption of data properties
Conclusion
In compressing an image, start from the original image since compression from compressed image leads to poor image quality.
Do not save to the new format if you think you need to still proceed in compressing and image. The image compression is very important in IT technology regardless of few discussed disadvantages that is having.
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